The Energy Balance.

illustrates a general flow system on which a general flow equation may be based. Points 1 and 2 represent any two points in a flow system between which an energy balance may be written The fluid entering at Point 1 has an internal energy, U 1 , which is the result of previous energy obtained. In addition, a certain amount of pV work must be done to get the fluid past Point I-i.e., the eiiergy necessary for it to flow. This fluid also possesses potential energy , X 1 , above the datum plane, and kinetic energy vI ‘i2g. The fluid leaving at Point 2 possesses the same forms of energy but the amount depends on the work W or heat Q gained or lost by the system between the two points. Technical Data used in the field explained in oil and gas courses in Islamabad.

develops on the normally correct premise that Q, W, and AU are substantially zero between the two points. These two points are, furthermore, so close together that any change in potential energy is negligible in comparison with the other changes involved. the basic equation governing velocity or head meters and expresses the general fact that changes in velocity in ’ such a system must be accompanied by a corresponding change in static pressure. Some more details of oil and gas courses in Islamabad are as under.

several common ways in which a velocity change may be imposed on the system. In each instance, a constriction is supplied for increasing the velocity (decreasing static pressure), following which the velocity returns to normal. The amount of permnerzr pressure loss across the device is small and depends largely on the amount of turbulence and friction loss involved.

The Venturi tube shown in Part a is designed so that a high-pressure differential can be induced and still minimize the permanent pressure loss due to turbulence and eddy currents. In general, it will restore at least 90% of the pressure drop at the throat. The sections involved, 1 though, are expensive to manufacture and bulky to handle, especially at elevated pressures. Consequently, their

The flat-plate orifice is used in the majority of all gas production and transportation facilities. It is simple, inexpensive, handy to change and stock, and gives reproducible results. Although the pressure recovery is seldom higher than 65%, this is not a critical fault, for most systems are designed to operate with a low differential pressure. TSK Training for Skills and Knowledge is the best institute in Rawalpindi Islamabad for Pakistani Students who wants to join oil and gas courses in Rawalpindi.

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